GPS GPS (Global Positioning System) was developed DOD sharp original name Navstar. This was the first satellite navigation system in the world and was originally meant to serve as the U.S. Army, but with time she also found many civilian uses. The GPS system consists of three functional sections: 1. Section Martyrs (all operating satellites) 2. Section control (all ground stations involved in the monitored alive after 5 patchogue system: control of base stations, control stations, and control ground stations) alive after 5 patchogue 3. Segment the user (all users civilian and military) section spacecraft's GPS system consists of 30 operational satellites orbiting alive after 5 patchogue the Earth country for six different orbital planes (five satellites each lane) in MEO orbit at 20 200 km circular orbit which tends to 55 degrees to the equator. Each satellite completes its orbit at 12 hours. Because of the rotation of the Earth, the satellite will be its initial position over the Earth after about 24 hours (23 hours 56 minutes to be exact). 32 satellites, this is the maximum number of satellites which are designed alive after 5 patchogue to be currently in the system. The satellites broadcast two signals for navigation SPS-normal (for civilian use) and PPS for accurate navigation (for military use). Installed on each satellite atomic clock which gives accurate time for accurate calculation of the location. There are three versions of the GPS satellites: Version 1 - Navstar GPS or Block 1 was launched on 22/02/1978, then fired another 10 - satellites that version. The initial system is designed to examine the applicability of the navigation system was not operational purposes. Total 11 satellites were launched between this version (78-85) 19. In the first version satellites were bent at 63 degrees. Most of the weight was 450 kg satellites, plus there were several satellites weighing 163 kg and 750 kg each. Satellite stabilization had three - axis by low points (nadir). Power system consisted of two solar panels with 410 watts power and NiCd batteries. For each satellite installed alive after 5 patchogue two rubidium clocks and clock cesium (atomic clocks). The satellite's propulsion system operated on fuel Hidrosein. Useful life of the satellite was planned five years, but in fact they were much more. All three satellite antennas installed: 1. Antenna L-Band - transmitting navigation signal in L1 (1575.42 MHz) and 2 L (1227.60 MHz). 1L signal also includes the regular code and the exact code and 2L signal includes only the exact code. Two. S-Band antenna - used for control and telemetry. Three. UHF antenna - used for communication between the satellite. Version 2 - called GPS Block 2/2A first launched in 1989. Version above is an operational system that includes 24 satellites in 6 planes tend to 55 degrees. Stabilization with three satellites - axes relative low point. Planned life of each satellite is 7.3 years. Electrical system includes two solar panels with 710 watts power and NiCd batteries. Satellite weight is 1816 kg. On each satellite has two cesium clocks and two rubidium clocks alive after 5 patchogue (Total 4 watches atoms), with cesium clocks alive after 5 patchogue are clocks backup. Also installed sensors that detect nuclear explosions all nuclear explosions on Earth and transmit the exact location in real time. All satellite antennas installed the following: 1. Antenna L-Band - transmitting navigation alive after 5 patchogue signal transmission in 5 sub-domains: 1.1 1L (1575.42 MHz) - Standard code signal with SPS and PPS accurate code. 1.2 2L (1227.60 MHz) - includes only the exact code PPS. 1.3 3L (1381.05 MHz) - Used as a NUDET which reveals an atomic explosion or any other event in the high-energy infra - red. 1.4 L4 (1379.913 MHz) - is in the process of developing additional Ionosfriim alive after 5 patchogue for repairs. 1.5 L5 (1176.45 MHz) - designed to rescue civilian organizations such as police, alive after 5 patchogue ambulances, etc.. This frequency was found in internationally protected and allows absorption without interruption. This field is used F2 or higher version. Two. S-Band antenna - used for control and telemetry. Three. UHF antenna - used for communication between the satellite. Proper operation of satellites require communication with the earth. For this purpose there is a S-band antenna which connects the satellite ground station in automatic mode (AUTONAV Mode). It also requires regular maintenance of the satellites. Cesium clocks that are designed to back up the pipe require weighting the fund twice a year, the operation alive after 5 patchogue requires a shutdown of the satellite alive after 5 patchogue for 18 hours. In addition, once a year is required of the route repair alive after 5 patchogue operation, the operation is performed by the engine Hidrosein and requires an average of 12 hours. Version 3 of the new and existing satellite - GPS Block 2R. This version has been improved electrical system now consists of two solar panels cells based on N-on-P, and two batteries NiH2. The power of power system reached 1.13 kW. Increased weight of the satellite is 2032 kg and length of life increased to 10 years. Future version of the satellite - satellite version 3 are still in development and will be launched from 2013. The new system call GPS3 (Block3). The main goal of the new system will be: 1. Increase the letter M Signal)) alive after 5 patchogue while the deployment alive after 5 patchogue of directional alive after 5 patchogue antennas. alive after 5 patchogue Two. L1C signal enhancement / L2C to overcome the ionosphere disturbances, and be less susceptible alive after 5 patchogue to RF interference. Three. Adding another civilian L5 frequency will be broadcast frequency 1176.45. Four. Possibilities new search and rescue. Also renewed ground stations and the system should alive after 5 patchogue be fully operational in the new format by the year 2021.
GLONASS system GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) alive after 5 patchogue - is a satellite navigation system developed in Russia. The system was copied from the American alive after 5 patchogue GPS and therefore the structure and mode of operation similar to those of the U.S.. Development and maintenance and funding of GLONASS navigation system made by a special program of the Russian alive after 5 patchogue Federal Agency. Accuracy and availability alive after 5 patchogue of the GLONASS system have improved substantially in recent years and plans for the future system. Jobs 21 MEO satellites in orbit that range on 3 Circular routes (seven satellites alive after 5 patchogue each track). The satellites are at 19 100 km and tend to angle the ninth
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